The traditional model for systems development was that an IT department used  （） which is a process-centered technique， and consulted users only when their input or approval was needed．Compared with traditional methods， many companies find that JAD allows key users to participate effectively in the  （） ．When properly used， JAD can result in a more accurate statement of system requirements， a better understanding of common goals， and a stronger commitment to the success of the new system．RAD is a team-based technique that speeds up information systems development and produces a functioning information system．While the end product of JAD is a(an)  （） ， the end product of RAD is the  （） ．The RAD model consists of four phases．During the  （） ， users interact with systems analysts and develop models and prototypes that represent all system processes， outputs， and inputs．